Home > Published Issues > 2026 > Volume 15, No. 4, July 2026 >
IJEETC 2026 Vol.15(4): 146-158
doi: 10.18178/ijeetc.15.4.312-322

Design and Optimization of OTA for Biomedical Applications Using EAVOA Bio-Inspired Algorithms

Kumari Archana 1,*, Ram Kumar 2, and Naushad Manzoor Laskar 3
1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, School of Engineering, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna – 800001, Bihar, India
2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Katihar Engineering College, Katihar – 854109, Bihar, India
3. School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu – 632014, India
Email: archanak377@gmail.com (K.A.); ramkumar.purnea@gmail.com (R.K.); naushadmanzoor.laskar@vit.ac.in (N.M.L.)
*Corresponding author

Manuscript received February 24, 2026; revised April 24, 2026; accepted May 6, 2026

Abstract—The paper presents an efficient design method for the sizing of an advanced analog circuit. Numerous researchers have been attracted to the field of biomedical devices, specifically the design of cochlear implants. The use of a cochlear implant enables individuals with hearing loss to receive stimulation of the cochlear nerve. A cochlear implant plays a crucial role in processing incoming signals. The low power consumption and efficient processing of biological signals by an Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) make it ideal for biomedical applications. This paper presents a comparative analysis of two OTA designs optimized for biomedical applications using bio-inspired algorithms. The first case study explores a Split-Folded Cascode (SFC) amplifier for cochlear implants, while the second examines a preamplifier circuit for neurological signal processing. Various state-of-the-art bio-inspired algorithms, including the enhanced version of the African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (EAVOA), Hybrid Whale Particle Swarm Optimization (HWPSO), and other algorithms, are employed to optimize performance metrics such as gain, input noise, power, and area minimization for both case studies. Simulation results demonstrate that EAVOA outperforms other algorithms by achieving high gain, low noise, and reduced power dissipation, which have been validated through Cadence Virtuoso simulations.

Index Terms—Cochlear implants, Enhanced African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (EAVOA), global optimization, Split Folded Cascode (SFC), two-stage OTA

Cite: Kumari Archana, Ram Kumar, and Naushad Manzoor Laskar, "Design and Optimization of OTA for Biomedical Applications Using EAVOA Bio-Inspired Algorithms," International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 312-322, 2026. doi: 10.18178/ijeetc.15.4.312-322

Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

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