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IJEETC 2025 Vol.14(6): 390-402
doi: 10.18178/ijeetc.14.6.390-402

A Robust and Explainable Deepfake Detection Image Framework Using Transfer Learning with Attention Mechanism

Bushra Tariq Abdul-Hafiz and Farah Abbas Obaid Sari*
Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Email: bushrat.alsaalim@student.uokufa.edu.iq (B.T.A.), faraha.altaee@uokufa.edu.iq (F.A.O.S.)
*Corresponding author

Manuscript received June 24, 2025; revised July 28, 2025; accepted August 5, 2025

Abstract—The rapid advancement of deepfake technology has raised significant concerns regarding the authenticity of digital facial images, posing threats to privacy, security, and trust in media. This study presents a robust and explainable framework for deepfake image detection by leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) enhanced with Convolutional Block Attention Modules (CBAM), which help the model focus on key tampered regions. The detection is formulated as a binary classification task between real and fake facial images. A two-stage preprocessing pipeline is proposed, combining Error Level Analysis (ELA) and Structured Forest Edge Detection (SFED) to amplify forgery traces. Five different CNN architectures are employed in parallel; each integrated with CBAM to enhance discriminative feature learning. To improve interpretability, Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) highlights the most influential image regions that contribute to the model’s decisions. A stacking ensemble model using extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) aggregates the individual predictions for improved generalization. The proposed system is evaluated on a large benchmark dataset of 140K FAKE AND REAL FACES, achieving 97.25% accuracy, 96.88% F1-score, and 99.68% Area Under Curve (AUC), demonstrating both high performance and interpretability.

 
Index Terms—Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), deepfake detection, ensemble learning, image forensics, Error Level Analysis (ELA), Gradient-Weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), Structured Forest Edge Detection (SFED)

Cite: Bushra Tariq Abdul-Hafiz and Farah Abbas Obaid Sari, "A Robust and Explainable Deepfake Detection Image Framework Using Transfer Learning with Attention Mechanism," International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering & Telecommunications, Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 390-402, 2025. doi: 10.18178/ijeetc.14.6.390-402

Copyright © 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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